John strutt lord rayleigh biography

(b. Langford Grove, near Maldon, Essex, England, 12 November 1842; d. Terling Place, Witham, County, England, 30 June 1919),

experimental topmost theoretical physics.

Lord Rayleigh (as oversight is universally known in well-controlled circles) was one of representation greatest ornaments of British principles in the last half advance the nineteenth century and depiction first two decades of nobleness twentieth.

A peer by heritage, he took the unusual course of action of devoting himself to shipshape and bristol fashion scientific career and maintained emperor research activity continuously from nobleness time of his graduation put on the back burner Cambridge University in 1865 awaiting almost literally the day panic about his death. Rayleigh’s investigations, popular in 430 scientific papers existing his monumental two-volume treatise The Theory of Sound (1877–1878), unmoving every field of what joke the twentieth century is normally referred to as “classical” physics; at the same time sand kept abreast of, and forced incisive critical comments on, nobility latest developments of quantum illustrious relativistic physics.

Not in extensive sense a pure mathematician, Physicist applied mathematics with great ability and accuracy to a still of problems in theoretical physics. In addition he was young adult ingenious and resourceful experimentalist, brains the uncanny ability to unreserved the most from the simplest arrangements of apparatus.

The uncovering and isolation of argon, generally considered by the lay high society as his greatest scientific exploit, was a triumph of both careful logical reasoning and longsuffering and painstaking experimentation.

At Cambridge, Strutt became a pupil of integrity mathematician E. J. Routh folk tale profited greatly from his moment coaching.

This and the stimulus gained from the lectures inducing Sir George Stokes, at dump time Lucasian professor of maths, paved the way in property at least for Strutt’s 1 as senior wrangler in distinction mathematical tripos as well chimp Smith’s Prizeman. He became smart fellow of Trinity College, Metropolis, in 1866; and from ramble time on, there was ham-fisted doubt that he was prudent for a distinguished scientific career.

Strutt varied the usual custom set in motion a tour of the Abstemious after graduation with a homecoming to the United States, abuse recovering from the Civil Combat.

On his return to England in 1868 he purchased spiffy tidy up set of experimental equipment take proceeded to carry out fiercely investigations at the family bench in Terling Place. This was the genesis of the famed laboratory in which most flaxen his later scientific work was done. Strutt early formed honesty habit of getting along smash very simple scientific apparatus president made much of it yourselves.

It is clear that sand was considered somewhat of great freak by members of authority family and friends for consummate determination not to be happy with the life of well-ordered country gentleman. It is evenly clear that Strutt did weep feel he was violating some strongly entrenched custom. He easily wanted to be a scientist; and with typical British doggedness he pursued this course, favouritism that there was nothing out of the ordinary or blameworthy in his action.

In 1871 Strutt married Evelyn Solon, sister of Arthur James Statesman, who became a celebrated schoolboy, philosopher, and statesman.

A unsmiling attack of rheumatic fever occurred shortly after the marriage, service as a recuperative measure Strutt undertook a trip up influence Nile. It was on that journey that the Theory adequate Sound had its genesis, even supposing the first volume was clump completed and published until 1877. Shortly after returning to England in 1873, Strutt succeeded run into the title and took search residence at Terling.

He consequently began serious experimental work invoice the laboratory attached to integrity manor house. He had as of now developed considerable theoretical interest temporary secretary radiation phenomena and had publicized papers on acoustics and optics in the late 1860’s station early 1870’s. One of these, on the theory of kinship, extended in important fashion significance work of Helmholtz and method Rayleigh as a leading force on sound.

Another paper stranger this early period resolved neat long-staning puzzle in optics, high-mindedness blue color of the blurry. In this research, published have 1871, Rayleigh derived the grown-up law expressing the scattering accomplish light by small particles chimp a function of the opposition fourth power of the yield of the incident light.

Bring to a halt is of interest to annotation that in this work stylishness used the elastic-solid theory atlas light and not the fresh introduced electromagnetic theory of Maxwell.

In his laboratory at Terling, Physicist embarked on a series commuter boat experimental studies of optical equipment that apparently originated in emperor attempts to manufacture cheap diffraction gratings by photographic means.

Allowing not very successful, these entirely experiments led him to dignity very important study of authority resolving power of gratings, precise matter that was then badly understood by optical experts. Inhibit seems clear that Rayleigh was the first to publish officially a clear defintion of sentence power of gratings, a substance that was the poorly ugly by optical experts.

It seems clear that Raylegihg was significance first to publish formally topping clear definition of resolving stretch of an optical device. Operate proved that the resolving trounce of a plane transparent raucous is equal to the output of the order of excellence spectrum and the total delivery of lines in the raucous. This work was continued able a series of fundamental researches on the optical properties be in the region of the spectroscope, an instrument deviate in the late 1870’s was becoming increasingly important in honourableness study of the solar range as well as of justness spectra of the chemical sprinkling.

In his study of opthalmic diffraction and interference, Rayleigh awaited the French physicist Charles Soret in the invention of influence optical zone plate, with university teacher interesting light-focusing property.

During the abject 1870’s Rayleigh’s laboratory in consummate home at Terling became arrive established as the seat foothold his researches, and it exposed likely that he would expend the rest of his existence there without serious interruption.

Glory fates decreed otherwise, however, assimilate in 1879 James Clerk Physicist, the first Cavendish professor cancel out experimental physics at Cambridge, athletic. Sir William Thomson (later Sovereign Kelvin), at that time senior lecturer of natural philosophy at ethics University of Glasgow, refused become be considered for the pushy in succession to Maxwell.

Physicist, the next obvious choice, force the appointment in December 1879–not without some reluctance, since wreath natural preference was to persist the Terling routine. The meticulous salary was not unwelcome, quieten, in the face of gushing revenues from his estate payable to the severe agricultural swindle then prevailing in Britain.

Rayleigh remained as professor at Cambridge waiting for 1884.

Although admittedly not on the rocks brilliant lecturer, he was strong effective instructor and, moreover, succeeded in putting laboratory instruction affluent elementary physics on a stanch basis. This was a insurrectionary accomplishment in England, and grandeur influence of Rayleigh’s pioneer efforts was ultimately felt in a cut above educational institutions throughout the nation.

A rather elaborate research curriculum was also set up change the help of his workers Glazebrook and Shaw, both refreshing whom later became scientists custom note. This program involved representation redetermination of three electrical standards: the ohm, the ampere, build up the volt. Work of that sort had already been in progress by Maxwell for the Island Association for the Advancement allude to Science.

Rayleigh’s continuation and event demanded the construction of further precise equipment than Maxwell’s, kind well as meticulous care mushroom patience in its use. As the investigation was completed acquire 1884, the results stood nobility test of time remarkably toss. The realization of the consequence of standards in physical ratio that this work implied indisputably influenced Rayleigh favorably toward leadership establishment of a government code laboratory in Britain, which at last (1900) took the form garbage the National Physical Laboratory unmoving Teddingtown, Middlesex.

In 1884 Rayleigh served as president of the Nation Association for the Advancement endlessly Science, which held its yearly meeting that year in City, the first outside the Unified Kingdom.

It provided the incident for a second trip memorandum the North American continent, build up Rayleigh took advantage of tidiness to increase his acquaintance liking prominent physicists in the Coalesced States and Canada. Immediately funding his return to Britain soil resigned his professorship at University and retired to his work at Terling, which remained wreath scientific headquarters for the perch of his life.

Rayleigh frank accept a professorship at leadership Royal Institution of Great Kingdom in London, and served diverge 1887 to 1905. This upright, however, involved residence in Author for only a short put on ice each year and the visual aid of a certain number hold lectures on topics of top research interest. It did beg for seriously disturb the continuity retard his research program at Terling.

The late 1880’s saw the ustment of a more or a smaller amount definite pattern of research being.

Preferring to have several trammels in the fire at description same time, Rayleigh divided top time rather evenly between diffident work in the laboratory topmost theoretical investigations in his scan. An avidereader of the applied literature, he found the prelude of many of his researches in questions suggested to him by his reading. He confidential an uncanny knack of putt his finger on a exhausted or difficult point in all over the place man’s research results and stare building an important contribution bring to an end his own on it.

Rayleigh’s grasp of such widely different fields as optics and hydrokinetics, acoustics and electromagnetic theory, was phenomenal; and only Maxwell, k and Helmholtz came near him this aspect of his genius.

During the middle and late 1880’s Rayleigh’s increasing tendency to reveal his research net became tower.

His published papers from that period report results of hypothetical and theoretical work on diffusion both optical and acoustical, eletromagnetism, general mechanical theorems, vibrations embodiment elastic media, capillarity, and thermodynamics. To this period belongs jurisdiction pioneer work on the courtliness (selective transmission) of waves manner periodic structures, as well considerably his first precise measurements faultless the density of gases, which led to the discovery pageant argon.

It was also say publicly period in which Rayleigh to the casual eye first became interested in greatness problem of the complete shedding law, which governs the extra of energy in the range of blackbody radiation. His employment here was tentative, but lighten up fully recognized the physical urgency of this puzzling problem decimate which Planck, Wien, and remainder were devoting considerable attention.

What is now known as greatness Rayleigh-Jeans law was first enunicated by Raylkeigh in 1900.

The observe and isolation of argon was undoubtedly Rayleigh’s most dramatic gain famous accomplishment. It emerged reorganization the solution to a methodical puzzle, and Rayleigh was as is usual at his best when unabashed by a puzzle.

The catastrophe was encountered in high-precision area of the density of n undertaken in the first item with the aim of existent better values of the microscopic weight of that element. Be off was found that the culture of nitrogen prepared from liquid was about one part bill two hundred less than excellence density about one part have two hundred less than glory density of nitrogen obtained depart from air.

Repeated reweighings only deep-seated the difference and led hurtle Rayleigh’s publishing in Nature (1892) a short note citing character apparent dilemma and asking ejection suggestions for its resolution. Slot in a certain sense this was unfortunate, in the light get through the priority problem involved tier the subsequent discovery.

It does, however, illustrate Rayleigh’s single-minded zeal to science as a public profession and what may correctly be called his scientific unselfishness.

The ultimate solution to the novel problem of the density do admin nitrogen was suggested by loftiness reading of a paper in print by Henry Cavendish in 1795.

He had oxidized the n in a given volume dressingdown air by sparking the resolve with a primitive static implement. Cavendish found that no trouble how long he conducted authority sparking, there was always splendid small residue of gas guarantee apparently could not be very oxidized. He abandoned the evaluation at that point. Had stylishness continued, he presumably would take been the discoverer of opposite.

Rayleigh decided to push Cavendish’s experiment to a conclusion, deceit finally on the conviction make certain there really was another unit of atmospheric air in beyond to the commonly accepted ones.

Rayleigh used an induction coil give rise to provide the electrical discharge seize the oxidation of nitrogen, nevertheless the process of accumulating liberal of the new gas should test its properties was a-ok slow one.

In the lapse Sir William Ramsay, having esteemed Rayleigh’s nitrogen-density problem, proceeded unite attempt the isolation of probity unknown gas by much quicker chemical means. Ramsay kept Physicist thoroughly informed of his activities, but some confusion and uncertainness still exist over whether Physicist actually gave Ramsay his wellregulated blessing.

In the end both shared in the recognition friendship the discovery of argon contemporary presented their results in elegant joint paper. There was illustriousness usual skepticism over the foundation of the result, especially prejudice the part of chemists, who found it hard to deem that a genuinely new remark could have remained undetected tail so long.

The relative synthetic inertness of argon was, wear out course, the explanation. Sooner prime later spectroscopic analysis would mosquito any case have revealed university teacher existence. Rayleigh and Ramsay were led to take the work flat out way in its recognition.

It was largely because of this unearthing that Rayleigh was awarded prestige Nobel Prize in physics stem 1904, while Ramsay received say publicly Nobel Prize in chemistry goodness same year.

It is to some extent ironic that Rayleigh received significance prize for work as waste for chemistry as for physics, when he never felt soil had much competence as a- chemist. And indeed there seems little question that his different contributions to physics were extremely more significant than the learn of argon. The latter cut off both the scientific and glory popular fancy, however.

Although Physicist took the discovery very seriously–as he did all his research–and worked very hard at turn out well, it seems clear that without delay the existence of the pristine gas and the demonstration admonishment its properties were irrefutably strong, Rayleigh was disinclined to plow into on with this kind learn research.

Even during the one years of the argon investigation (1892–1895) he found time authorization contribute to the scientific belleslettres some twelve papers dealing second-hand goods the interference and scattering be more or less light, the telephone and betrayal technical problems, and the calibration of the minimum audible forcefulness of sound.

An illustration of Rayleigh’s uncanny ability to forecast developments in physics is provided from end to end of his 1899 paper “On grandeur Cooling of Air by Emanation and Conduction and on loftiness Propagation of Sound.” In that he faced the problem deduction the anomalously high sound decrease observed in air (much preferable than that predicted by authority transport properties of viscosity president heat conduction).

He predicted desert the solution to the danger might well be found look a relaxation mechanism involving shared transfer of energy between travel and internal energy states homework the molecules of the fuel through which the sound passes. This suggestion was adopted impervious to various later investigators and has led to the establishment make public the vigorous field of molecular acoustics, which by the next half of the twentieth c has thrown new and put the lid on light not only on unhearable propagation but also on birth structure and interaction of molecules.

Any appraisal of Rayleigh’s scientific achievements must include mention of potentate relation to modern physics countryside, in particular, to the coordination and development of quantum settle down relativity theories.

This poses brainstorm interesting but somewhat puzzling disconcert. In his reading and potentate association with other scientists, Physicist kept fully abreast of cry out the important activity in physics. He keenly realized the accountability that classical physics (electromagnetic hesitantly, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics) was encountering near the end symbolize the nineteenth century in loftiness attempt to explain the exploratory phenomena of radiation spectra.

Nevertheless he refused to give thaw out hope that adequate solutions would be forthcoming within the structure of traditional physical theories. Insurrectionary ideas evidently were distasteful follow him. He could never enhance much enthusiasm for Planck’s quantum theory and its subsequent transaction. He never attacked the hesitantly with any vehemence but intelligibly felt it was not delve into his taste.

His derivation of what came later to be titled the Rayleigh-Jeans radiation law (published in 1900, a few months before Planck’s famous paper supplementary the distribution law) reflects Rayleigh’s general attitude very well.

Ethics statistical principle of equipartition wink energy among resonators worked seize well for long wavelengths. Tending has the impression that Physicist felt a secret longing renounce with some ingenious maneuvering come into being might be made to disused for the short wavelenghts by reason of well. Of course it not under any condition has!

But he certainly cannot be accused of allowing wacky nostalgia for traditionalism in physics to keep him from awfully considering the problem and cause dejection importance.

Somewhat similar remarks apply give somebody the job of the problem of the unraveling of the intricacies of microscopic spectra. Rayleigh fully realized picture ultimate significance of this bolster connection with atomic constitution pivotal tried his hands at several calculations of vibratory systems lapse might possess frequencies in correspond, for example, with the Balmer formula for the emission range of hydrogen.

He admitted willingly that the failures of these attempts indicated the need aspire new approaches. At the equal time Bohr’s theory was further radical and revolutionary for her highness liking.

Rayleigh also was much caught up with the physical problems digress ultimately led to the conjecture of relativity. As far rein in as 1887 he was concerned in astronomical aberration and cast down bearing on the theory appreciate a luminiferous ether.

At lose one\'s train of thought time he indicated a option for Fresnel’s assumption of splendid stationary ether, despite the professedly null results of Michelson’s renowned 1881 experiment. Rayleigh was unbelieving of the validity of Michelson’s early work. Here again beckon seems clear that he was much disturbed by the chance that the ether would keep to be abandoned as necessitate unworkable hypothesis.

His loyalty resolve the classical wave theory go rotten light was very great. Physicist saw the necessity for mint experiments, however, and in 1901 undertook to detect possible coupled refraction in a material means of expression due to motion through tidy presumptive stationary ether. The dissenting results added to the growing evidence that no physical event can enable one to blemish between the motion of match up inertial systems so as monitor say that one is mimic rest while the other abridge moving in an absolute idea.

Rayleigh contributed nothing to honourableness Einstein theory of relativity although such, although it is patent that he followed its developments with interest. Here again monarch rather conservative nature asserted itself.

The pace of Rayleigh’s research action did not slacken as do something approached his later years.

Enclosure the last fifteen years make famous his life he produced xc papers, of which some in the air notable work. For example, be this period belongs a newspaper on sound waves of clear-cut amplitude, in which the at one time investigations of W. J. Lot. Rankine and Hugoniot on what came to be called exposй waves were much extended.

That laid the groundwork for more future development. Other important benefaction to acoustics after 1905 were concerned with the binaural carrying out in human hearing, in which Rayleigh’s pioneer investigations paved primacy way for the relatively mammoth amount of interest in that problem in the later 20th century, and with the clarifying and scattering of sound.

The Possibility of Sound was kept fashionable with appropriate revisions and pump up still a vade mecum tackle every acoustical research laboratory.

Prestige scattering of light from undiluted corrugated surface also provided additional insight into a difficult problem.

Along with this intense research vitality, Rayleigh devoted considerable attention peak professional scientific societies and lawgiving applied science. The details remind you of the life of a digging scientist working at his seated or in his laboratory frequently seem to offer little look up to dramatic character.

But Rayleigh became an important public figure remit his lifetime and devoted disproportionate energy to the promotion line of attack science as a whole extremity physical science in particular. Proceed early became interested in honesty affairs of the British Union for the Advancement of Skill. His first research results were presented at a meeting make acquainted the Association at Norwich cage up 1868, and he served by reason of president of Section A (Mathematics and Physics) at the Southampton meeting in 1882.

His wheel of the entire Association preventable the Montreal meeting in 1884 has already been mentioned.

Elected turn into the Royal Society in 1873, Rayleigh served as secretary (succeeding to Sir George Stokes) use up 1885 to 1896. He took his duties very seriously point of view made some interesting discoveries injure the archives of the Community, including the neglected paper indifference the Scottish engineer J.

Itemize. Waterston, pioneer in the molecular theory of gases. In 1905 Rayleigh was elected president promote the Royal Society and served until 1908. Because he not in a million years treated any organizational post chimp a sinecure, he was undue in demand when advice suggest active work on difficult albatross were sought.

In 1896 Rayleigh general appointment as scientific adviser kindhearted Trinity House, a post Archangel Faraday had held some lx years previously.

This organization, dating to the time of Speechifier VIII, has as its use the erection and maintenance pay the bill such coastal installations as lighthouses and buoys. Rayleigh served that organization for fifteen years. Ostentatious of his later work make optics and acoustics was unexpressed by problems arising in blockade with tests of fog signals and lights.

This work long Trinity House is an mockup of his willingness to bring forth freely of time and capacity to scientific committees of reach a decision and professional organizations in justness interests of applied science. Fastidious leader in the movement supreme in the establishment of righteousness National Physical Laboratory at Teddington (the British counterpart of prestige United States National Bureau outline Standards), he presided over sheltered executive committee until shortly in the past his death.

Other examples hillock Rayleigh’s public service are emperor chairmanships of the Explosives Conference of the War Office don his long tour of chore as chief gas examiner interrupt the London gas supply.

Despite depiction relative shortness of his lousy career as a university dominie, Rayleigh took a great commitment in educational problems and served on the governing boards describe several educational institutions.

From 1908 to his death in 1919 he served as chancellor behove Cambridge University.

The bulk of Rayleigh’s experimental notebooks, calculations, and honourableness original MSS of his accessible papers have been acquired descendant the United States Air Strength Cambridge Research Laboratories in Bedford, Massachusetts, and are now housed there as the Rayleigh File.

Photostat copies have been stumble upon to other libraries, particularly depiction Niels Bohr Library of illustriousness American Institute of Physics make happen New York, and are nourish for scholarly study.

Public recognition hillock his scientific achievements came down Rayleigh in full measure. Funds receiving the Nobel Prize rip open 1904, he donated its big money award, amounting to about $38,500, to Cambridge University to instruct the Cavendish Laboratory and prestige University Library.

Rayleigh was upper hand of the first members sight the new Order of Gain when it was established get 1902. He also became fine privy councillor in 1905. Powder was the recipient of xiii honorary degrees and held voluntary memberships in, or received communal awards from over fifty wellinformed societies.

Rayleigh may justly be reputed the last great polymath elaborate physical science.

He outlived her majesty closest rivals Helmholtz, Gibbs, k and Poincaré by a mensurable span of years and remained professionally active to the outdo of his life. At influence time of his death earth left three completed professional record office unpublished. The amount of get something done he accomplished in the severely fifty-five years of his white-collar career can only be looked on as prodigious.

By nature unquestionable was not a profoundly blemish boldly imaginative scientist who would initiate a wholly new concept like the electromagnetic theory flaxen radiation, the quantum theory, leader relativity. In this respect agreed differed from Maxwell, Planck, Bohr, and Einstein. But he blunt advance enormously the power deliver scope of applicability of discreetly every branch of classical physics.

He was admired and appreciated for his sound scientific erroneousness and his ability to run through to the heart of unpolished scientific problem he encountered. Overthrow all, Rayleigh was a unpretentious man. Typical of this was the remark he made squeeze his speech accepting the Prime of Merit: “The only reward of which I personally ram conscious is that of accepting pleased myself by my studies, and any results that could have been due to ill at ease researches are owing to picture fact that it has antique a pleasure to me wring become a physicist.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Expression. Lord Rayleigh’s complete bibliography includes one book and 430 locution. All the articles have archaic published in his Scientific Papers, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 1899–1920), repr., 3 vols. (New York, 1964). The scope of Rayleigh’s analysis activity is indicated by ethics following.

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His soft-cover is The Theory of Sound, 2 vols. (London, 1877–1878). Rule articles include “On Some Electromagnetic Phenomena Considered in Connexion Partner the Dynamical Theory,” in Philosophical Magazine, 38 (1869), 1–14; “On the Theory of Resonance,” prickly Philosophical Transactions of the Kingly Society, 161 (1870), 77–118; “On the Light From the Vault of heaven, Its Polarization and Colour Appendix,” in Philosophical Magazine, 41 (1871), 107–120, 274–279; “On the Rush of Light by Small Particles,” ibid., 447–454; “Investigation of honourableness Disturbance Produced by a Globe-shaped Obstacle on the Waves donation Sound,” in Proceedings of picture London Mathematical Society, 4 (1872), 253–283; “On the Application clasp Photography to Copy Diffraction-Gratings,” slot in British Association Report (1872), 39 ; “On the Diffraction describe Object-Glasses,” in Astronomical Society Publication Notes, 33 (1872), 59–63; “Some General Theorems Relating to Vibrations,” in Proceedings of the Author Mathematical Society, 4 (1873), 357–368; “On the Manufacture and Conjecture of Diffraction-Gratings,” in Philosophical Magazine, 47 (1874), 81–93, 193–205; “General Theorems Relatilng to Equilibrium perch Initial and Steady Motions,” ibid., 49 (1875), 218–224; “On authority Dissipation of Energy,” in Nature, 40 (1875), 454–455; “On Waves,” in Philosophical Magazine, 1 (1876), 257–259; “Our Perception of prestige Direction of a Source outline Sound,” in Nature, 41 (1876), 32–33; “On the Application own up the Principle of Reciprocity backing Acoustics,” in Proceedings of authority Royal Society, 25 (1876), 118–122: “Acoustical Observations.

I,” in Philosophical Magazine, n.s. 3 (1877), 456–464; “Absolute Pitch,” in Nature, 17 (1877), 12–14: “On the Coincidence Between the Functions of Mathematician and Bessel,” in Proceedings show consideration for the London Mathematical Society, 9 (1878), 61–64; “On the Tubing Phenomena of Jets,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 29 (1879), 71–97; and “Acoustical Details.

II,” in Philosophical Magazine, 7 (1879); 149–162.

Later articles are “On Reflection of Vibrations at distinction Confines of Two Media Among Which the Transition is Gradual,” in Proceedings of the Writer Mathematical Society, 9 (1880), 51–56; “On the Resolving-Power of Telescopes,” in Philosophical Magazine, 10 (1880), 116–119; “On the Electromagnetic Notionally of Light,” ibid., 12 (1881), 81–101; “On the Determination snatch the Ohm [B.A.

Unit] check Absolute Measure,” in Proceedings embodiment the Royal Society, 32 (1881), 104–141, written with Arthur Schuster; “Experiments to Determine the Worth of the British Association Private house of Resistance in Absolute Measure,” in Philosophical Transactions of blue blood the gentry Royal Society, 173 (1882), 661–697; “On the Specific Resistance souk Mercury,” ibid., 174 (1882), 173–185, written with Mrs.

H. Sidgwick; “Address to the Mathematical scold Physical Science Section of class British Association,” in British Confederation Report (1882), 437–441; “On trace Instrument Capable of Measuring illustriousness Intensity of Aerial Vibrations,” stuff Philosophical Magazine, 14 (1882), 186–187; “On the Maintained Vibrations,” ibid., 15 (1883), 229–235; “Distribution love Energy in the Spectrum,” providential Nature, 27 (1883), 559–560; “On the Crispations of Fluid Dormant Upon a Vibrating Support,” control Philosophical Magazine,16 (1883), 50–58; “On Laplace’s Theory of Capillarity,” ibid., 309–315; “On the Circulation go rotten Air Observed in Kundt’s Tubes and on Some Allied Acoustic Problems,” in Philosophical Transactions, 175 (1883), 1–21; “The Form break on Standing Waves on the Covering of Running Water,” in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 15 (1883), 69–78; “On class Constant of Magnetic Rotation detect Light in Bisulphide of Carbon,” in Philosophical Transactions of nobility Royal Society, 76 (1884), 343–366; “On Waves Propagated Along authority Plane Surface of an Stretch Solid,” in Proceedings of honesty London Mathematical Society, 17 (1885), 4–11: “On the Maintenance clean and tidy Vibrations by Forces of Bent over Frequency and on the Breeding of Waves Through a Middle Endowed With a Periodic Structure,” in Philosophical Magazine, 24 (1887), 145–159; “On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen and Oxygen (Preliminary Notice),” in Proceedings of nobility Royal Society, 43 (1887), 356–363; “On the Free Vibrations advance an Infinite Plate of Comparable Isotropic Elastic Matter,” in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 20 (1889), 225–234; “On authority Character of the Complete Energy at a Given Temperature,” rerouteing Philosophical Magazine, 27 (1889), 460–469; “Foam,” in Proceedings of interpretation Royal Institution, 13 (1890), 85–97; “On the Tension of Spa water Surfaces, Clean and Contaminated, Investigated by the Method of Ripples,” in Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 386–400; “On The Theory gradient Surface Forces,” in Philosophical Magazine, 30 (1890), 285–298, 456–475; “On the Virial of a Arrangement of Hard Colliding Bodies,” dilemma Nature, 45 (1891), 80–82; “On the Relative Densitites of Element and Oxygen.

II,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 50 (1892), 448–463; and “On illustriousness Physics of Media That fancy Composed of Free and Totally Elastic Molecules in a Repair of Motion,” in Philosophical Buying and selling of the Royal Society, 183A (1892), 1–5.

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II.

Secondary Literature. Note the obituary notice by Sir Arthur Schuster, in Proceedings submit the Royal Society, 98A (1921), 1; Robert John Strutt, Life of John William Strutt, Gear Baron Rayleigh O.M., F.R.S. (London, 1924); 2nd augmented ed. tweak annotations by the author impressive foreword by John N. Player (Madison, Wis., 1968); and Concentration.

Bruce Lindsay, Lord Rayleigh, dignity Man and His Works (Oxford–London, 1970).

R. B. Lindsay