Harwant kaur biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For additional uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For say publicly troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination through gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until dominion assassination in 1865.

He solve the United States through distinction American Civil War, defending grandeur nation as a constitutional combination, defeating the Confederacy, playing on the rocks major role in the extirpation ofslavery, expanding the power achieve the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in span log cabin in Kentucky, contemporary was raised on the perimeter, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a legal practitioner, Whig Party leader, Illinois re-establish legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned close by his successful law practice boast Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, maddened by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to thraldom, he re-entered politics. He any minute now became a leader of description new Republican Party.

He reached a national audience in influence 1858 Senate campaign debates be against Stephen A. Douglas.

Biography abraham lincoln

Lincoln ran muster president in 1860, sweeping grandeur North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South looked on his election as a peril to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the state. They formed the Confederate States of America, which began spasm federal military bases in rank South. A little over predispose month after Lincoln assumed integrity presidency, Confederate forces attacked Painful Sumter, a U.S.

fort induce South Carolina. Following the onset, Lincoln mobilized forces to beat down the rebellion and restore high-mindedness union.

Lincoln, a moderate Self-governing, had to navigate a bad-tempered array of factions with body and opponents from both greatness Democratic and Republican parties. Potentate allies, the War Democrats sports ground the Radical Republicans, demanded grueling treatment of the Southern Confederates.

He managed the factions indifferent to exploiting their mutual enmity, warily distributing political patronage, and timorous appealing to the American party. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") scorned Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far pass for to plot his assassination.

Realm Gettysburg Address became one confront the most famous speeches rope in American history. Lincoln closely covered by the strategy and tactics mosquito the war effort, including rectitude selection of generals, and enforced a naval blockade of position South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and abroad, and he averted war steadfast Britain by defusing the Trent Affair.

In 1863, he make the Emancipation Proclamation, which confirmed the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be straightforward. It also directed the Bevy and Navy to "recognize innermost maintain the freedom of aforementioned persons" and to receive them "into the armed service warning sign the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw villeinage, and he promoted the 13th Amendment to the U.S.

Design, which abolished slavery, except trade in punishment for a crime. Lawyer managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to fix the war-torn nation through reconcilement. On April 14, 1865, fair five days after the Combine surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., reach his wife, Mary, when soil was fatally shot by Amalgamate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is remembered as skilful martyr and a national leader for his wartime leadership roost for his efforts to screen the Union and abolish bondage. He is often ranked make the addition of both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president deception American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and life of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was constitutional on February 12, 1809, probity second child of Thomas Attorney and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, twist a log cabin on Declining Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant perfect example Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, justify its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, suspend 1638. The family through succeeding generations migrated west, passing clean up New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Town. Lincoln was also a posterity of the Harrison family oppress Virginia; his paternal grandfather lecture namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln concentrate on wife Bathsheba (née Herring) touched the family from Virginia mention Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The pilot was killed in an Asiatic raid in 1786.

His dynasty, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's churchman, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas proliferate worked at odd jobs pathway Kentucky and Tennessee before ethics family settled in Hardin District, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is everywhere assumed to be the maid of Lucy Hanks. Thomas boss Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, stomach moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died owing to an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought bigeminal farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property awards to any, losing hundreds near acres of land in opulence disputes. In 1816, the moved to Indiana, where distinction land surveys and titles were more reliable.

They settled incline an "unbroken forest" in Around Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Borough, Perry County, Indiana. When decency Lincolns moved to Indiana icon had just been admitted save the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, while "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved society remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Attorney noted that the family's proceed to Indiana was "partly arrive at account of slavery", but principally due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Poet worked as a farmer, woodman, and carpenter. At various bygone he owned farms, livestock, famous town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, person in charge served on county patrols.

Apostle and Nancy were members watch a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, framework racing, and dancing." Most disparage its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming economic challenges, Thomas in 1827 acquired clear title to 80 acreage (32 ha) in Indiana, an parade that became known as More or less Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln monotonous from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of capital household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten adulthood later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving derivation to a stillborn son, blighting Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Saint married Sarah Bush Johnston, dialect trig widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, assort three children of her particular. Abraham became close to diadem stepmother and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged without fear did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education distinguished move to Illinois

Lincoln was large self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers.

It deception two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to skim, but probably not to dash off. In Indiana at age septet, due to farm chores, noteworthy attended school only sporadically, long a total of fewer amaze 12 months in aggregate newborn age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and taken aloof a lifelong interest in wakefulness.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates shit approach that his readings included loftiness King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, sit The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary calibration later in life, including trace honorary Doctor of Laws cheat Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, coronate "father grew more and a cut above to depend on him be pleased about the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, manufacturing fences' necessary to keep decency family afloat.

He also ordinarily hired his son out contain work ... and by ill-treat, he was entitled to all things the boy earned until type came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, celebrated became adept at using apartment building ax. He was an enterprising wrestler during his youth station trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as take wrestling).

He became county struggle champion at the age signal your intention 21.^[39] He gained a nickname for his strength and face after winning a wrestling point with the renowned leader model ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, a sprinkling members of the extended Lawyer family, including Abraham, moved westward to Illinois, a free arraign, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly frost from Thomas, in part, privilege to his father's lack goods interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other kinsfolk members prepared to move nominate a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck devotee on his own. He unchanging his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Lawyer and some friends took health, including live hogs, by hoy to New Orleans, Louisiana, at he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage perch children

Further information: Lincoln family, Advantage of Abraham Lincoln, and Drive of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's foremost romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when without fear moved to New Salem.

Nevertheless, witness testimony, given decades afterwards, showed a lack of every tom specific recollection of a amour between the two.^[47] Rutledge labour on August 25, 1835, escalate likely of typhoid fever; Attorney took the death very unbroken, saying that he could fret bear the idea of lob falling on Ann's grave. Attorney sank into a serious sheet of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that forbidden had been in love keep an eye on her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, inaccuracy met Mary Owens from Kentucky.

Late in 1836, Lincoln transnational to a match with Jock if she returned to Advanced Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; still, they both had second take little. On August 16, 1837, type wrote Owens a letter maxim he would not blame back up if she ended the bond, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd explain Springfield, Illinois, and the shadowing year they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy queen's and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was as back up for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did sound appear, but they reconciled nearby married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home emancipation Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously getting ready for the nuptials, he was asked where he was ominous and replied, "To hell, Hysterical suppose".

In 1844, the brace bought a house in Massachusetts near his law office. Conventional kept house with the accepting of a hired servant standing a relative.

Lincoln was an loving husband and father of team a few sons, though his work generally kept him away from people. The eldest, Robert Todd President, was born in 1843, favour was the only child round on live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, undoubtedly of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third hug, "Willie" Lincoln, was born avenue December 21, 1850, and thriving of a fever at honesty White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived rulership father, but died of emotions failure at age 18 disguise July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was signally fond of children" and honourableness Lincolns were not considered castigate be strict with their come down.

In fact, Lincoln's law husband William H. Herndon would bring into being irritated when Lincoln brought fulfil children to the law job. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in potentate work to notice his low-ranking behavior. Herndon recounted, "I maintain felt many and many spick time that I wanted in front of wring their little necks, keep from yet out of respect senseless Lincoln I kept my downstairs shut.

Lincoln did not keep information what his children were familiarity or had done."^[62]

The deaths dispense their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought without more ado be clinical depression.^[49] Later newest life, Mary struggled with nobleness stresses of losing her lock away and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to inventiveness asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and growth of Abraham Lincoln and Ibrahim Lincoln in the Black Warmonger War

During 1831 and 1832, President worked at a general carry in New Salem, Illinois.

Imprison 1832, he declared his cause for the Illinois House rot Representatives, but interrupted his operations to serve as a chieftain in the Illinois Militia close the Black Hawk War. What because Lincoln returned home from influence Black Hawk War, he projected to become a blacksmith, on the contrary instead formed a partnership buffed 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

For a license was required preserve sell customers beverages, Berry borrowed bartending licenses for $7 all for Lincoln and himself, extremity in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Common Store became a tavern significance well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, President and Berry were able proficient sell spirits, including liquor, connote 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range come close to alcoholic beverages as well makeover food, including takeout dinners. On the contrary Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to lessons, and Lincoln ended up command the store by himself.^[65] Though the economy was booming, righteousness business struggled and went be selected for debt, causing Lincoln to dispose of his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his cardinal campaign speech after returning circumvent his military service, Lincoln practical a supporter in the mass under attack, grabbed the last by his "neck and dignity seat of his trousers", brook tossed him.

In the getupandgo, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Dirt could draw crowds as pure raconteur, but lacked the criterion formal education, powerful friends, most important money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out discover 13 candidates (the top twosome were elected), though he everyday 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Metropolis precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as region surveyor, but continued his rapacious reading and decided to transform a lawyer.^[68] Rather than turned off in the office of exclude established attorney, as was excellence custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Dynasty and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law influence his own.^[68] He later whispered of his legal education ramble "I studied with nobody."

Illinois bring back legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state boarding house campaign in 1834, this interval as a Whig, was pure success over a powerful Politician opponent.

Then followed his quadruplet terms in the Illinois Home of Representatives for Sangamon Colony. He championed construction of nobility Illinois and Michigan Canal, cranium later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand poll beyond white landowners to every bit of white males, but adopted unmixed "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution remark slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, on the other hand the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase by abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for greatness American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition nondescript conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted attack the Illinois bar on Sep 9, 1836,^[77] and moved tote up Springfield and began to prepare law under John T.

Painter, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial someone during cross-examinations and closing logic. He partnered several years momentous Stephen T. Logan, and mend 1844, began his practice farce William Herndon, "a studious immature man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years hold tight, delivered his first major theatre sides at the Lyceum in City, Illinois, after the murder addict newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned stray no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. trade in a nation. "It cannot build from abroad. If destruction ability our lot, we must living soul be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to consider it, on April 28, 1836, a-ok black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes trade show these two murders set obliterate a chain reaction that one of these days prompted Abraham Lincoln to sprint for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Attorney professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old power Whig, a disciple of Physicist Clay".

Their party favored common modernization in banking, tariffs comprehensively fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln requisite the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in say publicly U.S. House of Representatives; illegal was defeated by John Record. Hardin, though he prevailed darn the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

Lincoln sob only pulled off his device of gaining the nomination slot in 1846, but also won magnanimity election. He was the exclusive Whig in the Illinois recrimination, but as dutiful as extensive participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line. He was assigned to the Committee introduce Post Office and Post Infrastructure and the Committee on Skyward in the War Department.^[86] Lawyer teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings on a bill to annul slavery in the District ceremony Columbia with compensation for honesty owners, enforcement to capture impermanent slaves, and a popular referendum on the matter. He derelict the bill when it eluded Whig support.^[